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Think Youre Depressed, Anxious? New Research Says
Watch for Dementia
 April
14, 2005 If you thought you were depressed before, now new research
will send you through the floor, or increase your anxiety, which is even
worse. A study presented today says people who do not have psychiatric
problems but score very high on a personality test pessimism scale have
a 30 percent increased risk of developing dementia several decades
later.
The same is true of individuals who score very high on the test's
depression scale. The risk is even higher -- 40 percent more -- for
individuals who score very high on both anxiety and pessimism scales.
"There appears to be a dose-response pattern, i.e.,
the higher the scores the higher the risk of dementia," says Yonas Geda,
M.D., a Mayo Clinic neuropsychiatrist and the study's lead investigator.
Dementia is a neurological disorder that affects
the ability to think, speak, reason, remember and move. The three most
common forms of dementia are Alzheimer's disease, vascular dementia and
Lewy body dementia.
Although it's common to see personality changes
such as pessimism, depression, agitation or withdrawal once a person
develops dementia, the Mayo Clinic investigators believe that pessimism
and depression are more likely to be risk factors for dementia rather
than early manifestations of the disease due to the significant time gap
between the time of the personality test (in the 1960s) and the
appearance of dementia or cognitive impairment (anytime between the
1960s and 2004). The test takers ranged in age from 20 to 69 when they
took the test in the 1960s.
The Mayo Clinic investigators advise some caution
in determining if one's personality traits may predispose to dementia.
"One has to be cautious in interpreting a study like this," says Dr.
Geda. "One cannot make a leap from group level data to the individual.
Certainly the last thing you want to do is to say, 'Well, I am a
pessimist; thus, I am doomed to develop dementia 20 or 30 years later,'
because this may end up becoming a self-fulfilling prophecy."
The investigators are not recommending any specific
intervention. "Even though we do not have any specific recommendations
to make based on our study," says Dr. Geda, "it is always a good idea to
promote health and minimize disease by taking appropriate health
measures.
"We are reporting our findings in an era where
there are empirically validated interventions to modify 'personality'
toward emotional health; hence, we are optimistic about the future.
Contemporary studies indicate that 'personality' is a modifiable
cognitive, emotional and behavioral style. For example, a pessimistic
person can acquire the skills and habits of looking at the whole
picture, i.e., the positive, negative and neutral, rather than
habitually discounting the positive and neutral and magnifying the
negative."
This study was designed to test more rigorously the
findings of an earlier, exploratory study conducted at Mayo Clinic with
a smaller sample of individuals that suggested pessimism, depression,
anxiety and social introversion could be risk factors for Alzheimer's
disease.
Dr. Geda and colleagues conducted this study to
determine what types of personality or cognitive style -- one's habitual
way of perceiving, remembering, behaving and experiencing emotions --
were associated with the development of dementia or cognitive impairment
30 or 40 years later.
He and colleagues extracted a sample of
approximately 3,500 individuals living in and around Olmsted County,
Minn., from 50,000 individuals who took the Minnesota Multiphasic
Personality Inventory (MMPI) as part of a research project -- not for
psychiatric reasons -- at Mayo Clinic between 1962 and 1965. This test
assesses thoughts, feelings, attitudes, physical and emotional symptoms,
and life experiences. In 2004, Dr. Geda and fellow investigators used a
structured interview of the individuals -- or a family member in the
case of deceased or incapacitated persons -- to arrive at a standard
diagnosis of dementia or cognitive impairment. Dr. Geda, who was blinded
to the MMPI scores of the study subjects, then reviewed the results of
these interviews.
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